Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are susceptible to adversarial noise in their observations that can mislead their policies and decrease their performance. However, an adversary may be interested not only in decreasing the reward, but also in modifying specific temporal logic properties of the policy. This paper presents a metric that measures the exact impact of adversarial attacks against such properties. We use this metric to craft optimal adversarial attacks. Furthermore, we introduce a model checking method that allows us to verify the robustness of RL policies against adversarial attacks. Our empirical analysis confirms (1) the quality of our metric to craft adversarial attacks against temporal logic properties, and (2) that we are able to concisely assess a system's robustness against attacks.

Automated synthesis of provably correct controllers for cyber-physical systems is crucial for deploying these systems in safety-critical scenarios. However, their hybrid features and stochastic or unknown behaviours make this synthesis problem challenging. In this paper, we propose a method for synthesizing controllers for Markov jump linear systems (MJLSs), a particular class of cyber-physical systems, that certifiably satisfy a requirement expressed as a specification in probabilistic computation tree logic (PCTL). An MJLS consists of a finite set of linear dynamics with unknown additive disturbances, where jumps between these modes are governed by a Markov decision process (MDP). We consider both the case where the transition function of this MDP is given by probability intervals or where it is completely unknown. Our approach is based on generating a finite-state abstraction which captures both the discrete and the continuous behaviour of the original system. We formalise such abstraction as an interval Markov decision process (iMDP): intervals of transition probabilities are computed using sampling techniques from the so-called "scenario approach", resulting in a probabilistically sound approximation of the MJLS. This iMDP abstracts both the jump dynamics between modes, as well as the continuous dynamics within the modes. To demonstrate the efficacy of our technique, we apply our method to multiple realistic benchmark problems, in particular, temperature control, and aerial vehicle delivery problems.

Capturing uncertainty in models of complex dynamical systems is crucial to designing safe controllers. Stochastic noise causes aleatoric uncertainty, whereas imprecise knowledge of model parameters leads to epistemic uncertainty. Several approaches use formal abstractions to synthesize policies that satisfy temporal specifications related to safety and reachability. However, the underlying models exclusively capture aleatoric but not epistemic uncertainty, and thus require that model parameters are known precisely. Our contribution to overcoming this restriction is a novel abstraction-based controller synthesis method for continuous-state models with stochastic noise and uncertain parameters. By sampling techniques and robust analysis, we capture both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty, with a user-specified confidence level, in the transition probability intervals of a so-called interval Markov decision process (iMDP). We synthesize an optimal policy on this iMDP, which translates (with the specified confidence level) to a feedback controller for the continuous model with the same performance guarantees. Our experimental benchmarks confirm that accounting for epistemic uncertainty leads to controllers that are more robust against variations in parameter values.

本文介绍了Cool-MC，这是一种集成了最先进的加固学习（RL）和模型检查的工具。具体而言，该工具建立在OpenAI健身房和概率模型检查器风暴上。COOL-MC提供以下功能：（1）模拟器在OpenAI体育馆训练RL政策，用于Markov决策过程（MDPS），这些模拟器定义为暴风雨的输入，（2）使用“ SORM”的新型号构建器，用于使用回调功能要验证（神经网络）RL策略，（3）与OpenAI Gym或Storm中指定的模型和政策相关的正式抽象，以及（4）算法以获得有关所谓允许政策的性能的界限。我们描述了Cool-MC的组件和体系结构，并在多个基准环境中演示了其功能。

具有成本效益的资产管理是多个行业的兴趣领域。具体而言，本文开发了深入的加固学习（DRL）解决方案，以自动确定不断恶化的水管的最佳康复政策。我们在在线和离线DRL设置中处理康复计划的问题。在在线DRL中，代理与具有不同长度，材料和故障率特征的多个管道的模拟环境进行交互。我们使用深Q学习（DQN）训练代理商，以最低限度的平均成本和减少故障概率学习最佳政策。在离线学习中，代理使用静态数据，例如DQN重播数据，通过保守的Q学习算法学习最佳策略，而无需与环境进行进一步的交互。我们证明，基于DRL的政策改善了标准预防，纠正和贪婪的计划替代方案。此外，从固定的DQN重播数据集中学习超过在线DQN设置。结果保证，由大型国家和行动轨迹组成的水管的现有恶化概况为在离线环境中学习康复政策提供了宝贵的途径，而无需模拟器。

马尔可夫决策过程（MDP）是在顺序决策中常用的正式模型。 MDP捕获了可能出现的随机性，例如，通过过渡函数中的概率从不精确的执行器中捕获。但是，在数据驱动的应用程序中，从（有限）数据中得出精确的概率引入了可能导致意外或不良结果的统计错误。不确定的MDP（UMDP）不需要精确的概率，而是在过渡中使用所谓的不确定性集，占此类有限的数据。正式验证社区中的工具有效地计算了强大的政策，这些政策在不确定性集中最坏的情况下，可以证明遵守正式规格，例如安全限制。我们不断地以强大的学习方法与将专用的贝叶斯推理方案与强大策略的计算结合在一起的任何时间学习方法中不断学习MDP的过渡概率。特别是，我们的方法（1）将概率近似为间隔，（2）适应可能与中间模型不一致的新数据，并且可以随时停止（3），以在UMDP上计算强大的策略，以忠实地捕获稳健的策略到目前为止的数据。我们展示了我们的方法的有效性，并将其与在几个基准的实验评估中对UMDP计算出的UMDP进行了比较。

安全探索是强化学习（RL）的常见问题，旨在防止代理在探索环境时做出灾难性的决定。一个解决这个问题的方法家庭以这种环境的（部分）模型的形式假设域知识，以决定动作的安全性。所谓的盾牌迫使RL代理只选择安全的动作。但是，要在各种应用中采用，必须超越执行安全性，还必须确保RL的适用性良好。我们通过与最先进的深度RL的紧密整合扩展了盾牌的适用性，并在部分可观察性下提供了充满挑战的，稀疏的奖励环境中的广泛实证研究。我们表明，经过精心整合的盾牌可确保安全性，并可以提高RL代理的收敛速度和最终性能。我们此外表明，可以使用盾牌来引导最先进的RL代理：它们在屏蔽环境中初步学习后保持安全，从而使我们最终可以禁用潜在的过于保守的盾牌。

在安全关键设置中运行的自治系统的控制器必须考虑随机扰动。这种干扰通常被建模为过程噪声，并且常见的假设是底层分布是已知的和/或高斯的。然而，在实践中，这些假设可能是不现实的并且可以导致真正噪声分布的近似值。我们提出了一种新的规划方法，不依赖于噪声分布的任何明确表示。特别是，我们解决了计算控制器的控制器，该控制器提供了安全地到达目标的概率保证。首先，我们将连续系统摘要进入一个离散状态模型，通过状态之间的概率转换捕获噪声。作为关键贡献，我们根据噪声的有限数量的样本来调整这些过渡概率的方案方法中的工具。我们在所谓的间隔马尔可夫决策过程（IMDP）的转换概率间隔中捕获这些界限。该IMDP在过渡概率中的不确定性稳健，并且可以通过样本的数量来控制概率间隔的紧张性。我们使用最先进的验证技术在IMDP上提供保证，并计算这些保证对自主系统的控制器。即使IMDP有数百万个州或过渡，也表明了我们方法的实际适用性。

我们研究了由测量和过程噪声引起的不确定性的动态系统的规划问题。测量噪声导致系统状态可观察性有限，并且过程噪声在给定控制的结果中导致不确定性。问题是找到一个控制器，保证系统在有限时间内达到所需的目标状态，同时避免障碍物，至少需要一些所需的概率。由于噪音，此问题不承认一般的精确算法或闭合性解决方案。我们的主要贡献是一种新颖的规划方案，采用卡尔曼滤波作为状态估计器，以获得动态系统的有限状态抽象，我们将作为马尔可夫决策过程（MDP）正式化。通过延长概率间隔的MDP，我们可以增强模型对近似过渡概率的数值不精确的鲁棒性。对于这种所谓的间隔MDP（IMDP），我们采用最先进的验证技术来有效地计算最大化目标状态概率的计划。我们展示了抽象的正确性，并提供了几种优化，旨在平衡计划的质量和方法的可扩展性。我们展示我们的方法能够处理具有6维状态的系统，该系统导致具有数万个状态和数百万个过渡的IMDP。

Algorithms that involve both forecasting and optimization are at the core of solutions to many difficult real-world problems, such as in supply chains (inventory optimization), traffic, and in the transition towards carbon-free energy generation in battery/load/production scheduling in sustainable energy systems. Typically, in these scenarios we want to solve an optimization problem that depends on unknown future values, which therefore need to be forecast. As both forecasting and optimization are difficult problems in their own right, relatively few research has been done in this area. This paper presents the findings of the ``IEEE-CIS Technical Challenge on Predict+Optimize for Renewable Energy Scheduling," held in 2021. We present a comparison and evaluation of the seven highest-ranked solutions in the competition, to provide researchers with a benchmark problem and to establish the state of the art for this benchmark, with the aim to foster and facilitate research in this area. The competition used data from the Monash Microgrid, as well as weather data and energy market data. It then focused on two main challenges: forecasting renewable energy production and demand, and obtaining an optimal schedule for the activities (lectures) and on-site batteries that lead to the lowest cost of energy. The most accurate forecasts were obtained by gradient-boosted tree and random forest models, and optimization was mostly performed using mixed integer linear and quadratic programming. The winning method predicted different scenarios and optimized over all scenarios jointly using a sample average approximation method.